The Holy City, Peace - 971 Words

The name â€Å"Jerusalem† in its original Hebrew translation means â€Å"foundation of peace† (Yerushalaim or Yerushalayim, 2013); however, today in the Holy City, peace is difficult to find. In recent decades, tensions have continued to rise in the city between the Jewish and Muslim populations. These tensions have always been present between the religions of Judaism and Islam virtually since their foundations; especially taking root with the building of the Al Asqa Mosque and other Islamic places of worship on the Holy site of the Temple Mount (â€Å"the Noble Sanctuary† to Muslims) in the seventh century (Sites and Places in Jerusalem: The Temple Mount, 2014). In recent days, more and more clashes have been taking place between the rival†¦show more content†¦Currently, Israel law forbids Jews from praying on top of the Temple Mount; this is to prevent frustrations between them and Muslims. Some Rabbis discourage this as well for fear of Jews stepping into the unknown area of where the â€Å"Holy of Holies† was located; which was a room in the first temple that contained God’s presence and the Ark of the Covenant, which held the Ten Commandment’s and Aaron’s staff. Jewish and Christian tradition states that the only people that were allowed to enter the Holy of Holies were priests of the tribe of Levi who were without fault; if fault was found in them as they entered the room, they would die in the presence of God. In result of this, religious tradition discourages Jews from walking on such holy ground. Jews do have access to the Western Wall beneath the Temple Mount, which is where they go to pray and insert their prayer notes into the wall. However, a recent poll was offered to Jewish Israelis to discover their opinions on the policies of the banning of their prayer on the Temple Mount. It was discovered that 56% of Jews favor the policy, but 38.5% think the policy should be abolished even if it led to violence. In addition, 47% of Rabbis believe that prayer on the Temple Mount should be forbidden until the coming of the Messiah and reconstruction of the Temple, and 26% want prayer to be allowed on the Mount (Yaar Hermann, 2014). By the closing of the Temple Mount on October 30th,Show MoreRelatedThe Conflict Of The Palestinian Conflict872 Words   |  4 Pagesend the feud and turn to a point of peace. The long-term conflict that is still seen today is the feud between the differences of religions that makes people think the only way two settle this is by dividing the land. The reason for the feud is because this land is known as the holy land, with the holy city of Jerusalem, and people fight for this land. Christians had control of the land but there was a time where they nearly lost their holy city. The holy city was wanted by many religions, whichRead More30 Years War Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pagesfought mostly in the Holy Roman Empire (modern Germany), involved nearly all of the major powers of Europe, and was a war that used religion as a cover-up for politics. The war caused the demise of the Holy Roman Empire, and the rise of France as the new power in Europe. During the war new technologies also were used. The Thirty Years War was ended by the peace of Westphalia in 1648. Before the war, the Holy Roman Empire already began to have its struggles. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg wasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Kingdom Of Heaven877 Words   |  4 Pagesand Raynald of Chatillon are leaders who try to seek their own power by attacking villages. During the last battle, Balian is outnumbered by Saladin’s men but his hope was to protect the city and the people. He was able to arrange the peaceful surrender of Jerusalem with Saladin because he threaten to destroy the city. In the film, Kingdom Of Heaven, we are able to analyze the events and characters from the film by connecting it with the Crusader era. The Knight Templars, Guy de Lusignan and ReynaldRead MoreThe Holy Land At Stake1166 Words   |  5 PagesHoly Land at Stake The immense, complex, and emotional Holy Land crisis is only growing. For several decades, a long conflict has been continuing to rise in the Middle East regarding territory disputes over Jerusalem (The Holy Land), between Israelis and Palestinians. Both believe to have rights on the land but both prove they cannot co-exist together and create a peace plan (Secretary-General Report, 07/ December/2015). Therefore the only reliable solution is to make Jerusalem an internationalRead More Happy Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesJerusalem is a prize which, for thousands of years, has been fought over. Israeli’s and Palestinians live side-by-side in the Old City, each claiming that Jerusalem belongs to them. There is no judgment that can be given, there is no right or wrong answer to the problem. For this issue to be solved, both sides must give concessions to each other, and truly feel the need for peace and friendly diplomacy in Jerusalem. The Torah, the most sacred Jewish text, claims that Jerusalem is the ancestral homeRead MoreThe Reasons Behind the Difficulties of Bringing Peace to the Middle East1179 Words   |  5 PagesThe Reasons Behind the Difficulties of Bringing Peace to the Middle East A major source of conflict in the Middle East during the last fifty years has been the dispute between Arabs and Jews over Palestine. For hundreds of years, the great majority of the people living in Palestine were Arabs. But at the end of the nineteenth century some Jews in Europe were becoming increasingly bitter about growing anti-Semitism. They started to talk about setting up a state of their Read MoreAn Influential Period Of Christian History1256 Words   |  6 PagesAs with any other significant historical event, many people rallied in support of the war, while others demanded peace. Hadewijch of Brabant, a renowned thirteenth-century mystic and Beguine stood in opposition to the Crusades as a whole. Her status as a highly respected mystic, coupled with a unique voice and perspective, all gave Hadewijch a substantial platform on which to preach peace over war, love over violence, and forgiveness instead of revenge. Unlike her contemporary, Bernard of ClairvauxRead MoreAnalysis Of Alan Patons Cry The Beloved Country847 Words   |  4 Pages Despite all this, it is still representative of home and peace to the characters in the novel. It is the home of traditions and old trivial rules. However, a consistent theme it brings is young people leaving for the city, and therefore bringing new messages to South Africa as a whole. The novel presents a struggle between nature, man, and industrialization, thus causing conflict between what the countryside represents and what the city represents. The countryside acts in direct opposition to theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book When The Kings Come Marching 1289 Words   |  6 Pagesopened my eyes to the involvement of modern day culture that could come into play in the Holy City. In his book, When the Kings Come Marching In, Richard Mouw discusses four main features of the Holy City. The first feature is the wealth of the nations. Mouw claims that the contents of the Holy City will be familiar to the present cultural patterns of this world. In Isaiah 60, the City is pictured as a city of commerce. Pagan cultures will be present, but instead of serving the things of this worldRead MoreEphesians : Historical Background For Passage Essay844 Words   |  4 Pages Ephesians Historical Background for Passage Originally named Ephesians. It was not necessarily written to the believers in the city of Ephesus. Written in 62 A.D. Apostle Paul explains the identity of the newcomers in Christ both Jews and Gentiles having been brought together into one body with Jesus Christ at the head. The Apostle Paul spent two years here in Ephesus and wrote this letter to address the people he never met. Summary In this letter, Apostle Paul preaches to the people that in order

The Corner Stones Of A Social Work - 1280 Words

Advocacy is the corner stones of a social work profession and a vital role for the professions future. More importantly, it is a form of self-care because one of the hardest things about social work practice, at least for me, is feeling helpless as I watch clients struggle with an irrational and unfair system. We go into this profession to help others and to help save lives, which serves the true purpose. Margaret Wheatley reminds us that, â€Å"Relationships are all there is. Everything in the universe exists because it is in relationship to everything else. Nothing exists in isolation. We have to stop pretending we are individuals that can get it alone†. Indeed, human relationships are of paramount importance and should be at the heart of all good social workers practice. I had the opportunity to volunteer at an In-Town Senior Living Assistance Center. An elderly man, who recently suffered a stroke, stated, â€Å"It must be difficult to believe that at one point I was an athlete.† In his particular case he had weakness in his lower extremities, which significantly impaired his balance leaving him temporarily dependent of a wheelchair. With genuine sincerity his therapist immediately replied, â€Å"Life happens.† There is no doubt that the transition into adult social care has not only signaled as one of the most comprehensive reforms of quality service delivery in terms of its introduction and successful implementation, but also presents major challenges for our ageing society and ourShow MoreRelated Foreshadowing in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essays1152 Words   |  5 PagesForeshadowing in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Lottery, a short story written by Shirley Jackson, is a tale about a disturbing social practice.   The setting takes place in a small village consisting of about three hundred denizens.   On June twenty-seventh of every year, the members of this traditional community hold a village-wide lottery in which everyone is expected to participate.   Throughout the story, the reader gets an odd feeling regarding the residents and their annual practiceRead MoreAnalysis Of Taj Mahal1640 Words   |  7 Pagesparadise is an image of Islam. Over these tombs is the basic council of the false tombs and memorial service chamber punctured marble screens were utilized to transmit light, is usual of Mughal tombs. The two tombs are brightly decorated in semi-valuable stones. Ninety-nine names of Allah, the genuine tomb of Mumtaz Mahal as calligraphic engravings can be found on the sides. Shah Jahans tomb, which is situated beside Mumtaz Mahal, the Taj never arranged unsettles was generally perfect symmetry. HistoryRead MoreAnasazi Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesAnasazi About 1400 years ago, long before any European exploration of the New World, a group of Indians living in the Four Corners region chose Mesa Verde for their home. For over 700 years their descendants lived and flourished here, eventually building elaborate stone cities in the sheltered recesses of the canyon walls. Then in the late 1200’s, within the span of one or two generations, they abandoned their homes and moved away. Crossing an imaginary boundary into the regionRead MorePuritanism And Its Impact On Society1508 Words   |  7 Pages1560, â€Å"when dissident members of the Church of England, still the mother church of the Anglican Communion today, attempted to â€Å"purify† it by removing all trace of its Roman Catholic past.†1 The Puritans were sure that the Church of England did not work enough on its reforms according to the fact that a lot of elements of the outer religiosity seemed to be extremely Catholic. New bishops continued leading the luxurious life, whereas Ecclesiastical courts were quite remarkable for their corruptionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Lottery 961 Words   |  4 Pagessetting, has more noteworthy effect. I might likewise want to call attention to that while the setting is obscure, there are components to the setting that demonstrate the town and its kin as typical. Jackson is indicating us standard individuals, who work, have families, do clothing, and go to gatherings. So while the town could be any town, the possibility that these are individuals simply like us likewise adds to the story s worth, since standard, ordinary individuals simply like us are able to doRead MoreEssay on Muhammad and The Foundation of Islam1054 Words   |  5 PagesMuhammad and The Foundation of Islam Works Cited Not Included As a religion, Islam is based on the teachings of Muhammad, embodying a sound belief in one God (Allah). Islam is an Arabic word meaning submission, surrender, and obedience (Maududi, 1). It also stands for peace. Its followers are known as Muslims or Moslems. Islam emerged in Arabia, specifically in the city of Mecca, in the seventh century C.E. (Matthews, 386). With the evolution of Islam in Mecca, Mecca is known as the centerRead MoreThe Ancient Game Go?1693 Words   |  7 Pages[First name Last name] [Instructor’s Name] [Course Number] 26 February 2017 The Ancient Game-Go Games have always been part of the social part of life right from the start till now, be it games played by children and those played by adults. Different kinds of games have constantly been invented in different societies, arising from certain cultural perspectives and philosophies. Games have as well as evolved over years as the level of intelligence rises. Board games such as chess are aRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery, And Kurt Vonnegut Jr. s Harrison Bergeron1604 Words   |  7 Pagespolitically active in many liberal-left political causes† (Kass Kass). Vonnegut strongly supported â€Å"freedom of speech†, opposed â€Å"the Vietnam War†, and â€Å"actively advocating socialism† (Kass Kass). The political beliefs of Vonnegut’s, such as opposing social practices and the negatives of a government with complete control, were included in many of his pieces, including â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, â€Å"which ofte n combined science fiction, satire, and dark humor† (Kass Kass). Vonnegut’s character, Harrison, symbolizedRead MoreHow does Rousseau Understand the Concept of Freedom?1408 Words   |  6 Pagesfreedoms. Since the publication of his works, in the eighteenth century, the complexity of the concepts in Rousseau’s writings has cause furious debate and controversy. Much of this deliberation arises out of the ambiguity inherent in his concepts of freedom. In his writing, at times, the concepts of natural, moral and civil freedoms are mutually exclusive, but at other junctures they are ambiguously intertwined. With the concept of freedom sitting as the corner stone of Rousseau’s philosophy, it is understandableRead MorePablo Nerudas Use of Nature1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe natural world is one that exists outside of all human constructs and limitations, and illuminates a valuable reality in the world. When considering Pablo Neruda’s body of work, a cl ear thematic focus on nature is visible. Many of his poems reference the natural, untouched world. This is a thematic juxtaposition to the over-structured, artificial nature of human culture. Using nature symbolically within these poems allows for a clear distinction to be drawn between the real and the artificial

Culturally Relevant and Anti-Bias Education Approach free essay sample

Multicultural Education Approach Culturally Relevant and Anti-Bias Education Approach Teachers have an obligation to provide their students with a positive environment that will promote their individual needs and interest. Classrooms have a variety of cultures and developmental levels that need to be included when writing lesson plans and daily activities. Culturally relevant and Anti-Bias education approach reflects the parent’s style of taking care of their child, their home culture, and an anti-bias atmosphere in the classroom (York, 2006).A variety of cultural activities and material are used in the classroom on a daily basis. Appreciation for diversity and resisting stereotyping is an important component of this approach. Teachers can use this education approach in the classroom to make a unique classroom experience that will benefit the teacher and the students. Sharon Cronin constructed the culturally relevant and anti-bias education approach that focuses on the family’s home culture (York, 2006).The characteristics of the culturally relevant and anti-bias education approach are reflected in the curriculum, material, meals, teaching method, practices, and staffing. We will write a custom essay sample on Culturally Relevant and Anti-Bias Education Approach or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The classroom curriculum includes activities that encourage students to be proud of their differences and everybody should be provided equal opportunities to succeed in the classroom. The classroom should include real life pictures and include material that the children can use independently. The teachers can use pictures of the surrounding community and community helpers to connect the students and families to their community.The dramatic play area includes realistic dolls, supplies, clothing, and food that reflect a variety of cultures and skin colors. The classroom arrangement and material should reinforce the teacher’s goals and reflect the family’s culture and beliefs. Children should feel welcome and appreciated in the classroom setting. Classroom activities explore a variety of cultures using hands-on experience using cultural material, foods, and people. Culturally Relevant and Anti-Bias Education ApproachTeachers can have families introduce food, music, or material related to their culture or beliefs. Materials can include national flags, traditional clothing, artifacts, and pretend ethnic food. The teachers need to include these components in all aspects of the classroom curriculum to teach children to respect and value different cultures. Promoting a positive attitude amongst the students and preventing bias and stereo-typing through classroom material and activities are reflected in the culturally relevant and anti-bias approach (Banks, 2004).The daily activities of this approach reflect the real lives of the children and families in the classroom. Teachers use â€Å"teachable moments† throughout the day and children interact and play together (Banks, 2004). Children explore their individuality and learn about others to gain respect and self-esteem. The culturally relevant and anti-bias education approach encourages families to be involved and provides students with a culturally diverse classroom. Teachers can use a variety of techniques and strategies to provide students with a diverse and educational learning experience.Introducing multicultural material in the classroom by using an honest and open approach to encourage children to ask questions and build their interest. Avoid generalization and stereo-typing when introducing material or activities. Teachers can use activities about the students, families, homelands, or music to introduce children to different cultures by using fun learning experiences. Teachers have an obligation to provide their students with a positive environment that will promote their individual needs and interest.

Digital Single Market Open Net Neutrality †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Digital Single Market Open Net Neutrality? Answer: Intrroducation IT ethics is the branch of the ethical studies which focuses on ethical behavior in the realm of computer technology. It refers to the ethical considerations regarding the social impact of computer technology. It is a new branch of ethical studies and pertains to the development and justification of ethical theories in the cyberspace. The computer ethics refers to the personal and social impact of computer technology for the development of ethical policies. The ethical theories assure that the IT professionals do not misuse their technological knowledge and skills. It is the practice of differentiating wrong and right in information technology (Birsch, 2013). Currently, the issue of net neutrality has garnered the attention of several government and international agencies. A large number of multinational companies are trying to make alliance with the telecommunication network so that their traffic and websites become more accessible than their counterparts. The net neutrality is the principle which states that the government and the service providers should treat all the data on the internet as same and do not discriminate or charge differently for different applications. In 2015, the net neutrality rule was adopted all across the European Union. The EU net neutrality bill assures that all the websites can be accessed equally by the end-users and the distribution of the internet services remains impartial. However, there are several arguments against net neutrality which states that the large companies are already having significant advantage over smaller companies as they provide better services and have a higher bandwidth. It is also st ated that when the large companies increase their accessibility, it will increase the accessibility of the common man to the internet services. Net neutrality also increases unnecessary competition between the business organizations (European Commission, 2015). According to the utilitarian perspective, net neutrality can be categorized as an immoral action. Utilitarian philosophers states that the morality of an action can be judged according to its consequences on the public and different stakeholders. The basis of this philosophy is on the utility theory which judges an action according to its utility for the society (Donnelly, 2003). Accordingly, if an action has overall good outcomes on the society and the public, it can be categorized as a morally justified action. According to this theoretical perspective, net neutrality limits the access of the public to the internet websites. Currently, internet has emerged as an essential medium of communication and business (Dreier, 2009). The people having access to the internet are at advantage in comparison to other people. It could be stated that the increasing the access to some prominent websites will increase the accessibility of the common man to the internet. However, when examining the action with the deontological philosophy, it could be stated that the action is morally correct. This ethical theory states that a person must abide by law and rules irrespective of the situation. This ethical perspective gives least significance to the consequences of the action and states that a person must abide by the law. According to this theory, there are different cultures and each person follow different ethical principles. When a person follows a specific ethical perspective, he must abide by all of its rules. According to this theory, the people should have the freedom to access whichever website they want and should be able to access all the content without any restrictions (Farrell, 2010). The, laws of the net neutrality assures that the people can access all the websites equally. Moreover, it also provides equal opportunity to all the business organizations which is essential for the maintaining healthy competition to all the business organiz ations. Therefore, the action of the government to impose rules regarding net neutrality is morally justified when looking through the deontological perspective. The virtue ethics is another ethical perspective which states that a person judges an action according to his local environment and the upbringing. It emphasizes the role of the individual character and the virtues rather than the utility perspective and doing ones duty. The virtue ethics do not provide any guidance for the ethical behavior as it states that there is no other guidance rather than the ethical behavior (Garber, 2008). It does not emphasize the rules, consequences and particular acts; however, focuses on the virtue of a person who is acting. It emphasizes on the motives of acting person. When a person acts on virtue, he acts on a particular motivation (Waluvhow, 2003). It could be critiqued that the decision of net neutrality is based on the motivation to provide equal opportunities to all business organizations irrespective of their size. All the businesses will have similar access to their customers and other business and can grow their business in equal opportunity e nvironment. Likewise, the customers can also access the different internet content and websites (Haidt, 2012). They have the right to access whichever website and internet content they want. Therefore, the decision of the European Union to implement net neutrality rules in morally justified. The social contract theory states that the moral or the political obligation of a person is dependent upon the contract or agreement of the person with the society in which they live. The theory states that in a society, people live together by forming some agreements that establish moral and political rules (Jacobs, 2008). According to this theory, people behave in a specific way as they form social contracts with other members of the society and not because some other person is requesting it. The social contracts can be explicit or implicit, such as the constitution of a country is explicit example of social contract whereas manners and the social norms are the examples of the implicit social contract (Rawls, 2009). According to this theory, an individual has a right to access every website. The freedom of choice is the basic human right of the people. The people should have the choice and the freedom to access every website they want to approach (Melden 2013). Moreover, the giving preference to certain websites will hinder the progress of the small and the medium enterprises. It will impact negatively on the progress of the economy. Moreover, it will also reduce the chances of innovation and research and development. By hindering the progress of the small and medium enterprises, the government will also negatively impact on the employment of several people working in these organizations (Oxley, 2011). It can be concluded that the decision of the European Union to implement net neutrality in the region is ethical and morally correct. Giving preference to certain large business organizations will create obstacles for the growth of small and medium enterprises. It will also snatch away the basic human right of the people to access all the content published on the websites equally. When this ethical issue is examined from different ethical frameworks or theories, it was identified that the net neutrality decision is an ethical decision which promotes equality to all the stakeholders. The utilitarian perspective states that the morality of an action could be judged by its impact on society. According to this theory, the net neutrality is an immoral action as it hinders the accessibility of people to different internet sites. Other than that, other moral theories state exmines that the action is ethically correct References Birsch, D. (2013). Introduction to Ethical Theories: A Procedural Approach. Waveland Press. Donnelly, J. (2003). Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice. Cornell University Press. Dreier, J. (2009). Contemporary Debates in Moral Theory. John Wiley Sons. Farrell, M. E. (2010). Ethics: A University Guide. Progressive Frontiers Pubs. Garber, P.R. (2008). The Ethical Dilemma. Human Resource Development. Haidt, J. (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. Penguin UK. Jacobs, J. (2008). Dimensions of Moral Theory: An Introduction to Metaethics and Moral Psychology. John Wiley Sons. Melden A. (2013). Ethical Theories. Read Books Ltd. Oxley, J. (2011). The Moral Dimensions of Empathy: Limits and Applications in Ethical Theory and Practice. Springer. Rawls, J. (2009). A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press. Waluvhow, W.J. (2003). The Dimensions of Ethics: An Introduction to Ethical Theory. Broadview Press. European Commission. (2015). Digital Single Market-open Net Neutrality. Retrieved 11 May 2017 from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/open-internet-net-neutrality

Tourette Syndrome Essay Example For Students

Tourette Syndrome Essay Tourette Syndrome was named for Georges Gilles de la Tourette, who first described the syndrome in 1885. Although the disease was identified in 1885, today in 1996, there still is a mystery surrounding Tourette Syndrome, its causes and possible cures. Tourette Syndrome is a neurological disorder that researchers believe is caused by and abnormal metabolism of the neurotransmitters dopamire and serotonin. It is genetically transmitted from parent to child. There is a fifty percent chance of passing the gene on from parent to child (Gaffy,Ottinger). Those most at risk are sons of mothers with Tourette Syndrome. About three-quarters of Tourette Syndrome patients are male. Males with the disorder have a ninety-nine percent chance of displaying symptoms. Females, have a seventy percent chance of displaying symptoms. This ration of 3-4:1 for males and females may be accounted for by referral bias. Also, there is a frequent number of reported cases within the Mennonite religious isolate pop ulation in Canada. The specific genetic transmission however, has not been established. Some researchers believe that the mar is on an autosomal dominant trait. Some cases however are sporadic, and there may not be a link to family history involved. These cases are mild however, and not full blown. The onset of Tourette Syndrome must be before the age of fifteen, and usually occurs after the age of two. The mean age onset of motor tics is seven. The mean age onset for vocal tics is nine. In order for a person to be classified as having Tourette Syndrome they must have both multiple motor tics and vocal tics. These tics however do not have to occur everyday. In fact, affected individuals may rarely exhibit all of the symptoms, or all of the tics. The vocal and motor tics must also occur within the same year, for a person to be classified as having Tourette Syndrome. Symptoms can disappear for weeks or months at a time. However if people afflicted with the syndrome try and suppress th eir tics, they will reoccur with increased ferver. Tics increase as a result of tension or stress, and decrease with relaxation or concentration on absorbing a task. Tics are classified into two groups: complex and simple tics. Simple tics are movements or vocalizations which are completely uncomprehendable and meaningless to those not suffering from the disorder (Peiss). Complex tics are movements or vocalizations which make use of more than one muscle group to appear to be meaningful (Peiss). Simple motor tics are: eye blinking, head jerking, shoulder shrugging or facial grimacing. Simple vocal tics are: throat clearing, coughing, snorting, baiting, yelping. Examples of complex motor tics include: jumping, touching over people, and or things, smelling, stomping loudly, making obscene gestures, hitting or biting oneself. Complex vocal tics are any understandable words given out of context, and may including echoing and repetition. Other problems associated with Tourette Syndrome in clude Attention-Deficit Disorder, Hyperactivity Disorder, disinhibition, obsessive compulsive disorder, dyslexia and other various learning disabilities, and various sleep disorders. People with Tourette Syndrome do tend to present more other Axis 1 disorders than the rest of the normal population not afflicted with the syndrome. People with Tourette Syndrome are also afflicted with obsessions of contamination, disease, sexual impulses, self harm, being just right, and death. We will write a custom essay on Tourette Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sixty percent of those who are diagnosed as having Tourette Syndrome will also display some type of learning disorder. Such disorders include: having difficulty organizing work, having difficulty playing quietly, talking excessively, interrupting and intruding on others, having a shorter attention span, losing necessary materials for school and home, and engaging in physically dangerous activity, with no thought given to the ramifications of their actions. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is also found in sixty percent of those with Tourette Syndrome. Those with ADHD are easily distracted, has difficulty getting along in groups, shifts from activity to activity, often blurts out answers before asked, and fidgets with hands, feet, or squirms in seat. Although these symptoms may seem fairly similar it Tourette Syndrome, it is important to remember that Tourette Syndrome is a genetically inherited disease. These other complexes are merely brought on by the neurological imbalance which affects the brain of those afflicted. Tourette Syndrome cannot be treated as a whole. Medications must be issued for the different aspects of the disease. For example, Tics and movements are treated with Neuoleptics, Clonidine and SErotonin Drugs, which are prozac-like. These drugs are very good for treating muscle spasms as well as tremors. However the side effects may be unpleasant. Therefore the patients under such drugs must be monitored for the liver and heart. The Medical Treatment for OCD is augmenting dopamine agents (Orap) or Klonopin. These drugs help curtail depression, but how genital-urinary side-effects. The ADHD in Tourette Syndrome are treated with Ritalin because the tics may not increase if used in reasonable dosages. Hyperactivity is also curtailed. The side effects of Ritalin are urinary problems, skin changes, EEG monitor, and EKG monitor as well. The Tics may also be controlled by visits to doctors office, talking to friends, and staying away from social gatherings, and learning to deal with emotional trauma. Help however is available for Tourette Syndrome. The goals of health professionals concerning this disorder is to clarify reasons for school problems, and to develop and individualized multimodality treatment program.

4 Steps of Cardiac Conduction

4 Steps of Cardiac Conduction Have you ever wondered what causes your heart to beat? Your heart beats as a result of the generation and conduction of electrical impulses. Cardiac conduction is the rate at which the heart conducts electrical impulses. These impulses cause the heart to contract and then relax. The constant cycle of heart muscle contraction followed by relaxation causes blood to be pumped throughout the body. Cardiac conduction can be influenced by various factors including exercise, temperature, and endocrine system hormones. Step 1: Pacemaker Impulse Generation The first step of cardiac conduction is impulse generation. The sinoatrial (SA) node (also referred to as the pacemaker of the heart) contracts, generating nerve impulses that travel throughout the heart wall. This causes both atria to contract. The SA node is located in the upper wall of the right atrium. It is composed of nodal tissue that has characteristics of both muscle and nervous tissue. Step 2: AV Node Impulse Conduction The atrioventricular (AV) node lies on the right side of the partition that divides the atria, near the bottom of the right atrium. When the impulses from the SA node reach the AV node, they are delayed for about a tenth of a second. This delay allows atria to contract and empty their contents into the ventricles prior to ventricle contraction. Step 3: AV Bundle Impulse Conduction The impulses are then sent down the atrioventricular bundle. This bundle of fibers branches off into two bundles and the impulses are carried down the center of the heart to the left and right ventricles. Step 4: Purkinje Fibers Impulse Conduction At the base of the heart, the atrioventricular bundles start to divide further into Purkinje fibers. When the impulses reach these fibers they trigger the muscle fibers in the ventricles to contract. The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta. Cardiac Conduction and the Cardiac Cycle Cardiac conduction is the driving force behind the cardiac cycle. This cycle is the sequence of events that occur when the heart beats. During the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle, the atria and ventricles are relaxed and blood flows into the atria and ventricles. In the systole phase, the ventricles contract sending blood to the rest of the body. Cardiac Conduction System Disorders Disorders of the hearts conduction system can cause problems with the hearts ability to function effectively. These problems are typically the result of a blockage that diminishes the rate of speed at which impulses are conducted. Should this blockage occur in one of the two atrioventricular bundle branches that lead to the ventricles, one ventricle may contract more slowly than the other. Individuals with bundle branch block typically dont experience any symptoms, but this issue can be detected with an electrocardiogram (ECG). A more serious condition, known as heart block, involves the impairment or blockage of electrical signal transmissions between the hearts atria and ventricles. Heart block electrical disorders range from first to third degree and are accompanied by symptoms ranging from light-headedness and dizziness to palpitations and irregular heartbeats.

HIroshima Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HIroshima Discussion - Essay Example This paper will review some of the characteristics of the bomb survivors, the miraculous incidents in the bombing and Truman’s press release after the bombing. In relation to miraculous occurrences, there are individuals that thought that their chances for survival were pretty limited or close to non-existent. They include Mrs. Nakamura, Mrs. Sasaki and Father Kleinsorge. Mrs. Nakamura who suffered from radiation poisoning fought furiously and regained her health. This was despite the fact that the radiation illness had affected her health in levels that doctors had concluded would never be reversed. Father Kleinsorge was affected by the bomb and its effects. He was seriously wounded, and despite all this, he tried to rescue people even though he thought he was to die from the effects of the bomb that made him loose blood from his wounds that kept reopening (Hersey, p 34-41). Mrs. Sasaki also recovers unexpectedly after the effects of radiation and the injuries she sustained from the collapsing of her house. This can be seen as both scientific and religious recoveries since science and medicine played a role in their wellness while they ha d hope and faith to get well. Science provided the much needed medicine and scientific support that was needed by the survivors of the blast. Their spiritual mindsets also contributed in ensuring that they believed that they would overcome what they were experiencing (Hersey, p 47). Truman describes the atomic bomb as the most potent explosive device whose output is exclusively from fission reactions. This device is a marvelous new power that can be used to overpower enemies. The book is an official non-fiction piece of work that explains an account of the bombing attack from the victims and their families view points. The book is just as monumental as the bombing incident

The Values of Minimalism Applied in Architectural Design Essay

The Values of Minimalism Applied in Architectural Design - Essay Example The essay "The Values of Minimalism Applied in Architectural Design" discusses postmodernism and minimalism through the architecture. This paper discovers what values of minimalism applied in architectural design as a process. The grand restructuring optimisms of the 1920s, of Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, had been stranded on the movement of social pragmatism. In the course of actions, the hopes of an architecture that might promote the public good of humanity were interpreted as elitist and minimalist, with an old-fashioned touch of Calvinist belief and frugality. After the filth had receded and the crooked steelwork had been put away, the site was settled for the antidote newbie postmodernism, which provided pluralism in replacement of uniformity, and bliss, happiness and intelligence in place of the washed out white walls of a succeeding reformation. While they paraded their way on to the vacant building location, the champions of postmodernism carri ed with them a shortened history that lessened the genuine complexity and ingenuity of modernism. The revolution in architectural design that had prevailed in the century was represented as the triumph of the square or the box, the flexible case as universal packaging, or as an embodiment of a Protestant Reformation placing confidence in the liberating features of industrialisation and democracy. In criticizing modernism as minimalist, the supporters of postmodernism cited a history that was itself similarly minimalist and ordinary.

My writing skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My writing skills - Essay Example My three essays addressed different audiences, which required me to use different strategies. In my rhetoric essay, I was not precise in my writing. However, I was able to improve on this and my second and third essays were more specific and clear. The different essays have enabled me to improve my vocabulary use and sentence structure. In the different essays, I have had the privilege of addressing different audiences and make use of different writing strategies. This enabled me to realize the effectiveness of different persuasive strategies. In addition, I was able to develop different writing skills distinct to the different audiences. In the Rhetoric essay, I devoted my essay to an academic audience. I focused on analyzing a piece of work by a pronounced author. My rhetoric strategies were considered poor. I could not differentiate the different persuasive styles used in the essay. Moreover, the introduction of the essay was poorly written. Additionally, my thesis was not well st ated. The essay lacked a flow and the ideas were poorly phrased. As I read the essay, I noticed several things that I would change if I had to rewrite the essay again. For example, I did not explain how David Brooks made use of different rhetoric strategies to persuade the audience. My essay just mentioned that Brooks was persuasive without explaining how. However, analyzing David Brooks work was crucial to my writing. I was able to learn the different writing strategies used in persuasive.... The second essay was an argumentative essay. In this essay, it is clear that my writing skills had improved. I was able to state my viewpoint clearly. Additionally, the essay demonstrated excellent debating skills. In this essay, I shared arguments and counterarguments on why companies should start focusing on environmental protection and avoid focusing on economic profits. I ensured that I was open-minded and based my arguments on facts. Although I stated my stand, I ensured that my tone was convincing. For example, I explained the effects of company operations on the environment. I was able to convince the corporate audiences why it is advisable for them to adopt policies that will enable them invest in environment protection. In this essay, I realized that my persuasive strategies had improved. I was able to establish facts and use them to support my arguments. Additionally, I ensured that my arguments were organized in order of their priority, which helped me to build a strong ar gument. Additionally, my conclusions were clear and were based on facts. The third essay focused on why corporation, organizations, and governments should concentrate on cooperation and not competition. The controversy essay enabled me to establish ways of convincing the audience to support my arguments. In this essay, I pinpointed the demerits that arise when organizations adopt competitive strategies. I was able to draw the readers’ attention to the different issues surrounding competition and cooperation. I gave examples of how competition results in elimination of some companies from the market and how this affects the economy. Moreover, I explained how cooperation results into a win-win aftermath resulting in success of both parties. On the other hand, I was

Clinically Isolated Syndrome and MS

Clinically Isolated Syndrome and MS CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1.1 Terminology Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is a central nervous system demyelinating event isolated in time that is may or may not lead to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is a term that describes a first clinical episode with features suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS). It usually occurs in young adults (19-30 years old) and affects optic nerves, the brainstem, or the spinal cord. Although patients usually recover from their presenting episode. (1) The term â€Å"clinically isolated syndrome† (CIS) is used to describe a first episode of neurologic episode that lasts at least 24 hours and is caused by inflammation and demyelination in one or more sites in the central nervous system (CNS). CIS may be presented as monofocal or multifocal: Monofocal episode:The person experiences a single neurologic sign or symptom such as an attack of optic neuritis that is caused by a single lesion. Multifocal episode:The person experiences more than one sign or symptom such as an attack of optic neuritis accompanied by weakness on one side of the body (hemiparesis) that is caused by lesions in more than one place in CNS. Individuals who experience a CIS may or may not go on to develop MS. In diagnosing CIS, the physician faces two challenges: first, to determine whether the patient is experiencing a neurologic episode caused by damage of the CNS, and second, to determine the possibility that a person experiencing this type of demyelinating episode is having high risk to develop MS. Of the people who are eventually diagnosed with MS, 85% experienced a first attack that is referred to as a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). (1) If an MRI scan of the brain and spinal cord shows evidence suggestive of MS at the time of a clinically isolated syndrome or at the time of a second episode, then MS will be diagnosed. However, not all patients who experience a clinically isolated syndrome will go to develop MS (2). For many patients, there will be no MRI evidence suggestive of MS and no further symptoms or episodes. 1.2 history The first journal article including the term â€Å"clinically isolated syndrome† appeared only 20 years ago .Increasing availability of  magnetic resonance technology in the 80s improved diagnosis of  CNS  demyelinating disorders, and the arrival of disease-modifying medications for  multiple sclerosis  starting in mid-90s increased the importance of correct diagnosis and treatment. Long term follow up studies of patients presenting with an isolated clinical syndrome characteristic of multiple sclerosis led to the identification of risk factors for conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (3). Today, no uniform consensus definition for a clinically isolated syndrome exists. In 2008, a panel of multiple sclerosis experts recommended that a clinically isolated syndrome be defined as a monophasic presentation with suspected underlying inflammatory demyelinating disease and recommended 5 subtypes based on monofocal or multifocal symptoms, presence or absence of asymptomatic MRI lesions, or patients without symptoms but with a suggestive MRI (3,4). 1.3 Epidemiology A study was made to determine whether the incidence of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) the precursor form of multiple sclerosis (MS) that encompasses optic neuritis and transverse myelitis as well as other clinical presentations, varies by race/ethnicity in a multi-ethnic, population-based cohort (5). The methods that was used is based on electronic record searches and complete medical records review to identify all newly diagnosed CIS and MS cases in the population-based, multiethnic membership of Southern California Kaiser Permanente (KPSC) between 2008 and 2009. The KPSC membership contributed 7,410,754 person-years of observation during the study period and the racial/ethnic distribution was 36.5% white, 8.6% black, 43.4% Hispanic, 9.3% Asian/Pacific Islanders (Asian/PI) and 1.9% other (6). The results were the identification of 254 incident cases of CIS cases who did not yet met McDonald criteria for MS and did not have other obvious causes (viral, lupus, ischemia). The most common clinical presentation was optic neuritis (48.4%) followed by transverse myelitis (32.7%), other forms of mono-regional CIS (9.8%) and poly-regional CIS (9.1%). The average age at diagnosis with CIS was 42.9 years (range 14.8-80.8) and 70.5% were women. Among CIS cases, the racial/ethnic distribution was 47.6% white, 12.6% black, 33.1% Hispanic, 4.3% Asian/PI and 2.4% other. The incidence of CIS was 3.4 per 100,000 person-years. Incidence of CIS was higher in black (5.1, 95%CI=3.5-7.1) and white, non-Hispanic individuals (4.5, 95%CI=3.7-5.3) compared with white, Hispanic (2.6, 95%CI=2.1-3.2) and Asian/PI individuals (1.6, 95% CI = 0.8 2.9; p In conclusion the incidence of CIS is 3.4 per 100,000 person-years in a multi-ethnic, population-based cohort of Southern Californians. The incidence of CIS is higher in black and white individuals compared with Hispanic and Asian/PI individuals.6) 1.4 Risk of developing multiple sclerosis after clinically isolated syndrome Studies suggest that people who experienced a clinically isolated syndrome have a less than 50% risk of developing MS within five years of experiencing the initial symptoms (7). There is no single examination that can determine whether a person who experiences a clinically isolated syndrome will or will not go to develop MS. However, researchers have tried to identify factors that might influence the possibility of developing MS and help differentiate between people who have a higher and lower risk to develop MS. Though these classifications do not establish absolute risk of developing MS, they may help to guide people in making decisions about further testing or treatment (1,7). Figure 1: Progression of the disease for CIS and MS types. Source https://sbvimprover.com Factors that influence the likelihood of developing MS: 1. Type of clinically isolated syndrome Many studies have shown that different types of clinically isolated syndrome (i.e. transverse myelitis, optic neuritis, brainstem syndrome) in relation to the risk of developing MS. These studies suggest that optic neuritis is associated with a lower risk of developing MS and better long-term outcome than other types of clinically isolated syndromes (7). 2. Symptoms experienced during a clinically isolated syndrome Isolated sensory symptoms, which include tingling, numbness, or visual impairment are thought to be associated with a lower risk of developing MS compared to the presence of symptoms of motor system involvement , which are associated with a higher risk .(1) 3. MRI markers A brain MRI scan at the time of the clinical episode of CIS is thought to be the most useful predictive tool. A normal MRI scan showing no lesions is associated with a lower risk of developing MS. In the other hand, a brain scan that shows a high number or volume of lesions is associated with a higher risk of developing MS (1,7). 4. Laboratory markers A test that is used to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of MS is a lumbar puncture. A lumbar puncture involves removing and analyzing a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), specific markers in the cerebrospinal fluid have the ability to indicate MS activity. Studies have investigated whether analysis of CSF can help predict the possibility of developing MS after a clinically isolated syndrome. One of these studies was based on the data of 40 patients who presented with a clinically isolated syndrome and have been examined with MRI scanning and CSF analyzing within the following two months. Of the 15 patients who developed MS, 14 had abnormalities on MRI and 13 tested positive for markers of disease activity in their CSF. The risk of developing MS was significantly higher in patients who tested positive in CSF analysis and had abnormalities on their first MRI scan compared to patients who were negative for both or one of the tests (7,8). However, because it is less useful as a predictive tool than MRI, a lumbar puncture is not routinely recommended in cases of CIS as described in Table (1). High risk Low risk Motor system symptoms Isolated sensory symptoms High number and volume of brain lesion on MRI Normal brain MRI Table (1): Symptoms in high risk and low risk to develop MS In conclusion motor system symptoms and high number and volume of lesion on brain MRI are indicative of high risk of developing MS, in the other hand isolated sensory symptoms and normal brain MRI are most probably with low risk of developing MS (7).

A film adaptation of One Hundred Years of Solitude :: English Literature

A film adaptation of One Hundred Years of Solitude Intent We have reached an age, where most things are done through TV and cinema. It is unfortunate many people do not read many books anymore. People would rather sit for a few hours in a dark room eating popcorn and watching a screen. In my opinion it is necessary for more books to be adapted in films. Some people might argue whether a great book such as Madame Bovary and The Great Gatsby can shine in the same light with a film adaptation. With the film techniques available and the great talent this is very possible. I am a strong believer that watching an excellent movie on Pride and Prejudice or any other literary masterpiece is equal to reading the book. For this reason I have taken on the responsibility of adapting chapter 1 of One Hundred Years of Solitude. One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a novel about a family, the Buendias living in a town called Macondo. The novel is postmodern. There are many instances where time jumps around. Along with the postmodernism feel there is also an element of magical realism. The magical realism is where characters can do things that are not possible in real life. In example of this is Remedios’s ability to fly in the air and go away. The elements of postmodern and magical realism make One Hundred Years of Solitude a difficult novel to adapt. For this particular paper I have chosen to adapt chapter 1. Chapter 1 includes flashbacks, magical realism, and the encounters with the gypsies. I have chosen chapter 1 because it includes the elements the novel is based on. The title of my film on One Hundred Years of Solitude is Opportunity. The main reason I have chosen this title because it is rooted in the last sentence of the novel, â€Å"†¦Aureliano Babilonia would finish deciphering the parchments, and that everything written on them was unrepeatable since time immemorial and forever more, because races condemned to one hundred year of solitude did not have a second opportunity on earth (Gabriel Garcia Marquez 448). In this quote, Marquez discusses how civilization with cease to be if there continues to be the solitude that is outlined in One Hundred Years of Solitude. Because the Buendia was the first attempt at a ‘perfect’ world, I have called it Opportunity, since this family was the first opportunity at the ‘utopia’. By adapting chapter 1 of One Hundred Years of Solitude I hope to show that a film can be just as or better than the novel it is based on.

Tourist Places of Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu & Kashmir Travel Information -Srinagar is an ancient city and has many attractions that can attract even the most unwilling of tourists to this magical land. Dal Lake, Nishat Bagh, Shalimar Bagh, and Chashme Shahi are some of the best-known tourist spot in Srinagar. Jammu is the winter capital of the state and next in importance after Srinagar. Most of the tourists who come to the Jammu region have the Mata Vaishno Devi shrine as their destination, which is quite close by. However, the spirit of holiness permeates through the entire city, so much so that Jammu is also known as the ‘City of Temples’. If Bahu Mata is the presiding deity of Jammu, the dargah of Peer Budhan Ali Shah is the other shrine that is believed to protect the local people. The other major tourist attraction is the Raghunath Temple Complex, which is the largest temple in North India devoted to Lord Rama. The construction of this temple was begun by Maharaja Gulab Singh in 1851 and completed by his son Ranbir Singh six years later. The temple of Maha Kali (better known as Bahu or Bawey Wali Mata), located in the Bahu Fort, is considered second only to Mata Vaishno Devi in terms of mystical power. The temple was built shortly after the coronation of Maharaja Gulab Singh in 1822. Other temples in the city include the Gauri Kund Temple, Shudh Mahadev Temple, Shiva Temple, Peer Khoh Cave Temple, Ranbireshwar Temple, and the Parmandal Temple Complex. The most stunning site in Jammu is the Sheesh Mahal. The Pink Hall of the palace now houses the Dogra Art Museum, which has miniature paintings of the various hill schools. The museum also has the handwritten Persian manuscripts of the Shahnama and Sikandernama. The palace was once the royal residence of the Dogra kings. Built as a group of buildings around a courtyard, the palace has a commanding view of river Tawi on one side and the city on the other. The Amar Mahal Palace Museum is a beautiful palace of red sandstone, which stands amidst the most picturesque environs of Jammu. It offers a beautiful view of the Shivaliks in the north and the river Tawi in the south. This was once the residential palace of Raja Amar Singh, but now it has been converted into a museum. The museum has a golden throne made of 120 kg of pure gold. A treat for those interested in history is the town of Akhnoor, 32 km southwest of Jammu. Standing on the banks of the mighty river Chenab, the town tells the tragic tale of the lovers Sohni and Mahiwal. Along the riverbank are the majestic ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization that are of great historical importance. Patnitop, near the Vaishno Devi Temple, is fast becoming a busy hill station and a good place to enjoy the nature in its eternity. Ladakh is home to the minority Buddhist community in the state. They have preserved their unique culture for the past hundreds of years. Leh is the headquarters of this region. The major points of attraction are the Leh Palace, Namgyal Tsemo Gompa, Sankar Gompa, Shanti Stupa, and Soma Gompa.

Argument Against the Person - Argumentum ad hominem

Argument Against the Person - Argumentum ad hominem The ad hominem fallacy is a class of fallacies which is not only common but also commonly misunderstood. Many people assume that any personal attack is an ad hominem argument, but that isnt true. Some attacks arent ad hominem fallacies, and some ad hominem fallacies arent clear insults. What the concept argument​ ad hominem means is argument to the man, although it is also translated as argument against the man. Instead of criticizing what a person says and the arguments they are offering, what we have instead is a criticism of where the arguments are coming from (the person). This is not necessarily relevant to the validity of what is said - thus, it is a Fallacy of Relevance. The general form this argument takes is: 1. There is something objectionable about person X. Therefore, person Xs claim is false. Types of Ad Hominem Fallacy This fallacy can be separated into five different types: Abusive ad hominem: The most common and well-known type of ad hominem fallacy is just a simple insult and is called the abusive ad hominem. It occurs when a person has given up attempting to persuade a person or an audience about the reasonableness of a position and is now resorting to mere personal attacks.Tu quoque (two wrongs dont make a right): An ad hominem fallacy which does not attack a person for random, unrelated things, but instead attacks them for some perceived fault in how they have presented their case is often called tu quoque, which means you too. It often occurs when a person is attacked for doing what they are arguing against.Circumstantial ad hominem: Dismissing an argument by attacking an entire class of people who presumably accept that argument is called the circumstantial ad hominem. The name is derived from the fact that it addresses the circumstances of those who hold the position in question.Genetic fallacy: Attacking the origins for the position someone is proposing instead of the person or the argument is called the genetic fallacy because it is based on the idea that the original source of an idea is a sound basis for evaluating its truth or reasonableness. Poisoning the well: A preemptive attack on a person which questions their character is called poisoning the well and is an attempt to make the target appear bad before they even have a chance to say anything. All of these different types of ad hominem argument are fairly similar and in some cases can appear almost identical. Because this category involves fallacies of relevance, the ad hominem argument is a fallacy when the comments are directed against some aspect about a person which is irrelevant to the topic at hand. Valid Ad Hominem Arguments It is important, however, to remember that an argumentum ad hominem is not always a fallacy! Not everything about a person is irrelevant to every possible topic or any possible argument that they might make. Sometimes it is entirely legitimate to bring up a persons expertise in some subject as a reason to be skeptical, and perhaps even dismissive, of their opinions about it. For example: 2. George is not a biologist and has no training in biology. Therefore, his opinions about what is or is not possible with regards to evolutionary biology do not have a lot of credibility. The above argument rests upon the assumption that, if a person is going to make credible assertions about what is or is not possible for evolutionary biology, then they really should have some training in biology - preferably a degree and perhaps some practical experience. Now, to be fair pointing out the lack of training or knowledge does not qualify as an automatic reason for declaring their opinion to be false. If nothing else, its at least possible that they have made a guess by random chance. When contrasted with the conclusions offered by a person who does have relevant training and knowledge, however, we have a sound basis for not accepting the first persons statements. This type of valid ad hominem argument is therefore in some ways the reverse of a valid appeal to authority argument.

Orgs 2000 Term Notes Essays

Orgs 2000 Term Notes Essays Orgs 2000 Term Notes Essay Orgs 2000 Term Notes Essay WEEK 1 The organization has set of features shared by modern large scale organizations called bureaucracy (Max Weber note, very strategic design-y) o Features include: 0 1 . Clearly delineated positions and Jobs with required qualifications 0 2. Formal hierarchy of positions line of authority setting out power/limitations (chain of command) 0 3. Formal rules and standard operating procedures 0 4. Training, career paths, reward systems (aka advancement) Macro/Micro analysis o Macro organization and external organizational environment o Micro groups eams and interpersonal relations o Organizations are complex systems and what happens on one level affects another 0 Unanticipated consequences of changes! 3 lenses o Strategic design 0 View of the organization: input-throughput-output system 0 Key concepts: activities, interdependence, resources (esp. nformation) 0 Key processes: grouping, linking, and aligning 0 View of the environment: resource base (source of inputs), competitive market 0 Role of the leader: organizational architect, strategist 0 Stimuli for change: lack of internal alignment, lack of fit between organization environment Obstacles to change: inadequate information (they dont get it), inadequate analysis (the case isnt convincing) o Political system 0 View of the organization: an arena for conflict 0 Key concepts: power influence, interests 0 Key processes: conflict, negotiation, coalition building, networking 0 View of the environment: external stakeholders 0 Role of the leader: forging coalitions, identifying and leveraging interests, negotiating 0 Stimuli for change: shifts in dominant coalition, in power of stakeholders 0 Obstacles to change: entrenched interests (they wont buy in because hey stand to lose) o Cultural perspective 0 View of the organization: a social construct what we think it is 0 Key concepts: identity, symbols, values, basic assumptions 0 Key processes: meaning and interpretation, legitimating 0 View of environment: social and cultural network 0 Role of the leader: articulating vision, symbolizing the culture, understanding and leveraging the culture 0 Stimuli for change: challenges to basic assumptions, contending interpretations Impediments to change: dominant culture, established mindsets (they cant see it) Levels of analysis o Individual o Group o Organization Applications o Teams o Gender and Diversity Ince ntives and Motivation Change and CSR WEEK 2 STRATEGIC DESIGN Strategic design systems deliberately constructed to achieve certain strategic goals o Efficiency (accomplishing strategic goals with least resources)+ effectiveness (goals accomplished to standards) emphasized o Assumption: organization has a strategy for creating value (value proposition/ distinctive competitive advantage) establishes what activities will lead to success o Key strategic question: which activities should be inside the boundaries of the organization and which outside? Key elements o Information processing and enhancing system o Task basic element smallest unit of activities needed to be done to achieve overall strategic goals 0 Vary in complexity, routinization and interdependence o Task interdependence 0 Sequential interdependence one task completed and then handed off to next stage 0 Harder to manage than pooled, easier than reciprocal 0 Pooled interdependence tasks undertaken at same time and tlnal result put together 0 Easiest to manage 0 Reciprocal interdependence tasks conducted in repeated interaction with each other 0 Hardest to manage Organizational design choices begin with strategic grouping differentiation of clusters of activities, positions, and individuals into work units o Then they must go through linking ensure that resources and information flows efficiently and effectively between activities/groups o Lastly must use alignment mechanisms (incentive systems, information systems, etc. to ensure people have the resources AND incentives to carry out tasks assigned to them Strategic grouping gathering tasks, functions, disciplines and separating from others o Assumption: coordination and communication are easier within unit han across units o Basic criteria 0 Activity (function) 0 Product/technology (business division/unit) 0 Market/customer (geography/customer segment) o Grouping by expertise/function bringing together individuals who share similar functions, disciplines, skills, and work processes Three strengths 0 1. Development of deep functional expertise and a high degree of specialization 2. Economies of Scope easy to transfer resources across activities within functions 0 3. Allows for creations of separate alignment systems each tailored to every functions needs/strengths Four weaknesses 1 . Backward flows of information can be difficult due to sequential interdependence between functions (e. g. from marketing to eng) -> therefore not responsive to changes in consumers 0 2. As specialization increases, individuals develop narrower perspectives 0 3. Difficult to assess costs 0 4. Tendency to expand levels of management over time this can inhibit efficient and effective info flows 0 Frequently adopted by new businesses maintained over time by organizations that have a single major business or share similar technologies across similar markets Grouping by Output/Product organizes on basis of service/product rovided Two strengths 0 1 . Transparency of performance costs/profits are clear of each function (business) 0 2. Clear strategic focus each business division head is responsible for profitability/growth of a complete chain 0 Four weaknesses 0 1 . Difficulty of sharing resources lead to duplication of activities across business units 0 2. New business creation difficult business units focus on expanding their own business instead of finding new opportunities OR competing across units 0 3. Functional specialists are spread can lose touch with innovation in own fields 0 4. Distributing activities across different units can lead to missed learning opportunities in core functions 0 Structure associated with strategies that emphasize efficiency, where info on cost/ profitability is crucial Grouping by Market gathers together people who perform different activities/tasks and produce different outputs but serve same customers/market 0 1 . Capacity for deep customer knowledge and close relationships 0 2. Tailor products/services to different needs 0 Three weaknesses 0 1. Duplication of activities/resources 0 2. Erosion of deep technical expertise 0 3. Missed opportunities for synergies and learning 0 For strategies that are customer-focused (customers with different needs and tastes). Often in service industries Matrix organization picks two strategic grouping dimensions and gives them equal weight in org structure each manager of each operating unit reports to two bosses one for each dimension ren balancing two equally important grouping dimensions 0 Four weaknesses from complexity 0 1. Confusion 0 2. Higher costs 0 3. Delays in decision making 0 3. Heightened potential for conflict Front/back structure divided into two parts. Front end faces customer and organized by market developing and producing products. Back end is organized by product business units that include technology dev, production, logistics Two Strengths 1 . Close integration of tech development and production (back end) 2. Building deep customer knowledge and close relationships (front end) Three weaknesses 1 . Fragmentation of technical expertise (back end) 2. Poor integration between market needs and tech development 3. Ensuring adequate integration/synergy between the front and back ends can be difficult o Modular/Network structures self organizing network. The subunits come together and cooperate to deliver a specific product or service. New development. Not much info in reading o Line activities in the direct chain providing products/ services to customer o Staff support activities (so finance, legal, HR, PR, IT) Linking designing structures and processes to connect and coordinate organizational units and subunits whose tasks are interdependent but have been separated by strategic grouping decisions o Intensity of linking mechanisms is influenced by level of interdependence (pooled, sequential, reciprocal the task interdependence earlier) Dotted line relationships lower ranking person is formally responsible for supplying all relevant information to higher ranked person but that they have no formal authority over them beyond the information flow (easy fix for lack of horizontal information flow) o Liaison roles assigning responsibility for coordination across groups to individuals 0 These people are conduits for info and expertise 0 Primarily information-focused role 0 Not a full-time responsibility but combined with other act ivities o Integrator roles coordinate activities and decision processes 0 More of a general management role Have carrots and stic ks to help their role o Permanent cross-unit groups formal mandate for representatives of different task/work groups to pool expertise and coordinate efforts to a certain product/client/ market/problem. Often combined with other activities (not full-time assignment) o Temporary cross-unit groups like permanent groups, but project is the grouping dimension. Disband after the project. Heads of project teams play an integrator role o IT Systems enhance support for linking and coordinating mechanisms and even can be seen as own linking mechanisms Co-location putting people and subunits that need to exchange information in the same location o Challenge in designing linking mechanisms determining which add value and which do not Alignment ensuring the units and individuals assigned certain tasks and activities by grouping and linking have the resources and motivation to carry them out A common failure of organizational redesign efforts is a lack of organizational congruence misaligned supporting systems and processes o Performance measurement systems system to indicate whether or not a design is effective based on its performance. Need to be designed so that they do not pull groups in incompatible directions that undercut linking o Rewards and incentives useful tool for changing behaviour. 0 Criteria for general principles: 0 Incentives should link performance to pay and directly link performance to specific standards and objectives 0 Rewards should relate directly to the nature of performance required at each level of the organization. Rewards should be directly linked to objectives that are within the groups or individuals power to control 0 Incentive plans should match measurement periods for rewards to relevant erformance plans 0 One view individuals oriented to material rewards 0 Prone to free ride off others can be unproductive without negative sanctions 0 Other view most individuals want to do a good Job 0 Main challenge is to design reward system that doesnt misalign rewards with requirements of orgs strategic intent perverse incentives o Resource allocation assessing adequacy of resource to carry out assigned tasks very difficult to implement o HR Development -Allocating resources of people as well as developing (training) and creating them (hiring) Strategic organizational design process Disruption of flow of business re design efforts take up time and attention of managers and tie up organizational resources 0 Information is not processed adequately employees do not recognize the value of different kinds of info, how to interpret it, how to add value, or how to pass it on o Risk to LT relationships with customers/suppliers they do not know who to talk to in the organization because of changing positions o Stress loss ot continui ty, departure ot key people = damages core competencies ot company. People worry about Job loss o Good design process (Nadler/Tushman) 0 1. Those that emerge from consideration of widest possible range 0 2. Design process involves people who understand the organization 0 3. Developed with implementation in mind 0 4. Making people responsible for making the change work feel as if were part of shaping the change o Stimulus for change 0 Response to growth more products, broader range of customers, etc. 0 Internal problems lack of coordination, excessive conflict, unclear roles, poor work flows, etc. Environmental changes (most frequent) from external business environment Organization seen as throughout-put takes inputs from environment, adds value hrough internal processes, and distributes to users outside the organization 0 Input- set environment 0 Output-set market 0 Shifts in the environment can change the design organization must fit the environmental pressures Understanding an organization 0 1. Know its strategy what is the organization trying to accomplish? How does it differentiate itself? What does it do better than others? 0 2. Map its design 0 What is the grouping structure? 0 How are the units created by the structure linked? 0 Are the basic systems aligned with each other? Do they positively reinforce each other? Does the organization design fit the demands of its environment and of its strategy? Strategic organizational design process 0 1. Generate design criteria 0 2. Generate grouping alternatives 0 3. Evaluate grouping alternati ves 0 4. Identify coordination requirements 0 5. Generate structural linking mechanisms 0 6. Evaluate structural linking mechanisms 0 7. Conduct impact analysis 0 8. Refine and eliminate designs 0 9. Identify issues for operational design and alignment 0 10. Identify issues for implementation Political system sees organization as a social system constructed as an arena for ompetition and conflict among individuals, groups, and other organizations whose interests and goals differ o Roots of conflict lie in different interests, disagreements requiring action, including negotiation, coalition building, exercise of power and influence o Asks Whos defining the problem? What gives them the power to define it? Whos advocating my solution and why? How can I get an outcome that serves the interests of me and my group? o Decisions must be political have to have buy in of those with power to implement/block them Interests what people want and whats at stake for hem o Assumption: people act rationally to serve their own interests (economic man) o Collective interests those shared by others belonging to same group o Groups: 0 Formal structure 0 Demographic groups 0 Division of labour 0 Location 0 Professional/occupational category o Stakeholder perspective identifies groups that have a share stake (i. e. set of collective interests) 0 1 . Analyzing what interests are and what priority they have for individuals and collective actors 0 Multiple interests at same time LT/ST, competing, autonomy/ cooperation 0 Collectives also have multiple interests Therefore, the way decisions are made, they depend mostly on how key decision makers see and assign weight to their interests 0 These interests are also dynamic they change 0 Can be latent do not realize they exist until an event happens 0 To carry out an action, one must understand what interests will be affected by it Power ability to affect behaviour of other people 0 1 . Influence someone does not have formal authority but has ability to persuade others. Legitimate 0 2. Authority legitimate and decreed upon by organizational hierarchy/formal positions 0 3. Coercion domination not considered very legitimate. Breeds resentment. Basically punishing someone o Sources of power: 0 Personal characteristics charisma gift of grace. Emotional connection between leader and followers. Unstable, requires constant proofs, difficult to transfer 0 Energy 0 Focus 0 Sensitivity to others and ability to understand how they see interests 0 Flexibility 0 Ability to tolerate conflict 0 Submerging ones ego and getting along 0 Willingness to engage in conflict to further ones actions is a source of power Scarce or valued expertise 0 Past performance/track record People believe can cultivate future relationships with high fliers 0 Formal position 0 Provides guide to resource allocation, info flows, evaluation of employee performance, task assignments, conflict resolution 0 Proximity of subunit to head of organization greater the power 0 Informal network position 0 Size of network and position in network is crucial 0 Centrality how many links you are between powerful individuals within a network 0 Network clusters are better and more efficient than redundant interconnected, tightly knit networks 0 Network position is a great source of influence for 2 reasons 0 1. Info advanta ge in can confer 0 2. Potential for coalitions 0 Holes in an organizational network where there is no direct link between subunits that could benefit from being linked structural holes o Someone who bridges these wholes has power because he has disproportionate say since he has contact with both 0 Many social networks: task-related networks, friendship networks, advice networks o How to identify where power resides in an organization: 0 Reputation ask people who has power in the org 0 Representational indicators which groups interests are over repped Observation of consequences which groups benefit most from resource allocation 0 Symbols of power o Sources of power: Personal characteristics, scare valued expertise, track record/ contribution to org. performance, formal position in org. hierarchy, informal network position Using political lens to take action: 0 1. Map interests and power 0 1 . Supporters whose cooperation do you need 0 2. Blockers whose opposition could hold you up 0 3. Potential stakeholders who will be affected 0 4. Existing coalitions who are the friends/allies of potential supports/blockers and what are their collective interests This provides guidance on a) how to convince key stakeholders that your initiative serves them, and b) how to tailor your initiative so that incorporates key stakeholders 0 2. Getting buy-in getting people to commit to action 0 Escalation of commitment people are more likely to commit to something that they have already invested resources into 0 Publically made less likely to back in 0 More resources = more commitment 0 Giving stakeholders chance to provide feedback they have some effect on the group 0 Risk: having potential supporter back out 0 3. Finding allies building coalition illusion of influence feeling that Set of allies who act together to support certain policies/activities 0 Long-term can be a general coalition to provide reciprocal support for each others interests 0 Dominant coalition upper management acting together in their interests 0 Idea of reciprocity mostly 4. Building a network 0 Built on reciprocity (l do for you, you do for me), and trust. Have values, i. e. urrencies: 0 Rewards-related 0 Task-related 0 Relationship-related 0 Status-related 0 Key to establish trust to overcome initial barrier and begin with reciprocity Mainta ining relationships are a crucial time sink may take up to 80% of managers ime 0 Choose type of network to maintain 5. Building negotiation skills WEEK 4 CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Cultural perspective focuses on social and personal identities carried by people. Cultural understandings are collectively shaped and rooted in the past o Limitations of managers, structural authority, influence, and rationality best describe human behaviour o Emphasis that people must learn these things to be fully functioning members of org Schiens model of culture: o Pyramid going from top to bottom: 0 1 . Artifacts/behaviours (symbols) what you observe 0 2. Espoused values what you are told (normative)

Innovation in Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Innovation in Nursing - Research Paper Example Moreover, some health care experts have alluded that innovation in nursing is a process that does not only take place in laboratories, but rather among the health care service providers hence requires the need to diffuse and use modern technology in order to facilitate quality healthcare service provision. Challenges facing Innovation in Nursing PracticeOne major challenge that has hindered proper and effective nursing is the fact that many stakeholders have not realized the importance of innovation within the healthcare systems. Leaders have failed to recognize that without nurses and other healthcare service providers, the process of healthcare service provision would come to a standstill.In addition, the profession of nurses and other health care service provision is complex and requires great understanding; this aspect has been recognized by many stakeholders (Edwards 2012). However, there has been increasing perception in the media and other channels of information dissemination that: The quality of nursing is increasingly diminishing and that healthcare service providers in many case do not have the passion and the commitment to undertake innovative activities geared towards improving healthcare service provision. This affected the support, emotional and physical, directed towards nurses hence hindering their capacities to participate in innovative activities.It is a fact that innovation facilitates doing things in different ways; such knowledge is usually generated among concerned individuals.

Human Rights Standards are Vague and Lack Effective Enforcement Essay

Human Rights Standards are Vague and Lack Effective Enforcement Mechanisms - Essay Example ..shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures...secure their universal and effective recognition and observance† (UDHR, n.d). In effect, the law clearly established the importance of establishing standards for all nations in promoting respect due to every citizen. Some of the provisions of the UDHR however, are vague and are filled with different issues in enforcement. Article 1 alone has various vague and unspecific terms which cannot be clearly pictured on a more practical application. As discussed by various legal experts, the provisions of the UDHR are vague and are too general or sweeping in their contents. They do not contain sufficient specifics in order to guide the people, and other individuals called on to implement its provisions. The provisions of the law are drafted generally and are also general in their language, without clear indications on the rights of the people being protected (Dugard, 2 009). The imprecise nature of Article 3 also leaves major gaps in enforcement, gaps which often have to be filled in by enforcers who are prompted to make their own judgment (often subjective) on the violation of the UDHR’s provisions. This declaration was originally planned as a statement of objectives to be implemented by different governments, and they were originally not part of international law. However, in 1968, the UN International Conference on Human Rights declared that the UDHR would form part of the obligations of members of the international community (Dugard, 2009). As a result, the declaration became part of the international laws applicable to all nations of the world. As such, the coverage of these laws became more extensive. In relation to the domestic implementation of the UDHR’s provisions, there are major issues in the distillation or decentralization of these laws. There are issues for some of these countries agreeing to the application of the pro visions of the UDHR (Donnelly, 1984). Some of these countries’ laws, especially those in the Middle East including Iraq and Afghanistan, conflict with the international provisions of the UDHR (Article 2) which includes provisions on the rights and freedoms of women. These nations have not adequately resolved the issue on what to do in case there is such a conflict, as such, the implementation of the UDHR’s provisions are suspended pending their decision on this matter (Koh, 1998). And for some countries, especially those in the Middle East, decisions on this matter can take years to finalize. In the meantime, violations on the provisions of the UDHR may sometimes go unpunished and even unnoticed by the concerned authorities. This was apparent in the case of Afghanistan who, for many years suffered under the Taliban rule, enduring this abusive regime. For countries with limited resources and reception of international laws, the enforcement of the UDHR may be reduced (Ko h, 1998). This would allow for the proliferation of violations in human rights in these countries, compromising the efficacy and the reach of the international laws within domestic territories. Issues on the enforcement o

Precis Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Precis Paper - Assignment Example the Governor raises concerns of whether the government will beat the time scheduled to pay the $1.7 billion which will be just a third of what the government is supposed to pay by 2018. In his state of the state speech last month, the governor said that education and other needs will be shortchanged by the rising payments. He is expected to continue with the speech on Tuesday during the annual budget address. Over 40 states have overhauled their pension systems but experts say that this is just deferment of costs of pension to the future. Pension overhauls have failed because the cost of benefits and money set aside for payment has grown from $3.1million in 2009 to $4 trillion this year according to Joshua D. Rauh, a finance professor at Stanford University. The gap keeps widening from year to year and many states are in dept of amount equal to or more than their annual revenue. Pension overhauls experts’ advice that the most effective solution is to raise taxes substantially or do away with future retirement benefits of public workers. This is illegal in the government but is practiced in companies in some states. There are many reasons why pension overhauls have failed. One is state contributions are deferred to pension funds and end up in depth in the long term. Pension investments earning estimates are also overly optimistic. Another reason is politics. Governors and legislatures are unwilling to spend on financing their failing pension systems. New Jersey for example diverted the pension systems money to other programs promising better benefits in 1992.By 2010, the whole system was unfunded and the state accused of securities fraud by federal regulators. The system was redeemed in 2011 with several changes. Retirement age for new workers rose to 65 years with 30 years of service from 55years with 25years of service. There was also compulsory increase in contribution from current workers and suspension of cost of living increase for retired workers. This

Frederick Douglass Essay Example for Free

Frederick Douglass Essay Life has many ups and downs. It is like a roller coaster ride in that it takes many turns. All the way through the life of a person, there will be good times and celebrations along with bad times and grief. The most significant thing to remember is to think positive and always stay strong mentally even at your lowest points. Frederick Douglass is a name of struggle. Being born into slavery, he faced many hardships throughout his life that people of today will never know, but overcome all of them because of his relentlessness to never give up, his passion to learn, be his own man, and more significantly staying strong mentally and keeping faith in God. Mental stiffness is when all things seem to be going wrong and there are no signs of hope, but you continue to strive for what you believe in, and Douglass did a good job of that. Douglass never gives up even when there appears to be no hope, and in the end is rewarded for all of his commitment. After the whole thing Douglass goes through, in the end he is not granted his freedom, but instead takes it on his own and his dream of being free is no longer a dream but in fact reality. Douglass resided in Baltimore intermittently from his arrival in the city in 1826 at the age of eight until he escaped from slavery twelve years later. Reflecting the uncertainties of black life in antebellum Baltimore, Douglass could state that â€Å"a city slave is almost a free man compared with a slave on the plantation† and lament that while in Baltimore â€Å"I often found myself regretting my own existence and wishing myself dead† (Narrative 50, 56). Douglasss conflicting impressions of his adolescence as a slave in Baltimore, impressions of comparative liberty and abject despair, reflected the larger paradox of African-American life in the city that claimed Americas largest black population at the time of the Civil War. Located on the border of slavery and freedom, Baltimore created space for African Americans to develop dynamic institutions that proved very important to their post-emancipation history. Yet these institutions developed under harsh restrictions on the freedom of non-slave African Americans that white Baltimoreans devised to replace the increasingly impractical bonds of slavery. Black agency amid the constraints and opportunities of an urban slave society gave Douglass with his first classroom in the limits of freedom for nineteenth-century African Americans. When Douglasss mother Harriet Bailey died he was hardly affected by the news for the reason that he rarely seen her. Douglasss father was a white man; slaveholders usually impregnated their females slaves to increase the number of slaves they owned. As a child Douglass didnt work in the fields because children werent strong enough. Therefore, he had free time to do other things besides tasks. Sometimes he would go along wit the Colonels grandson, Daniel, as a servant when he went hunting. Daniel in time became close to Douglass which was an advantage. But, Douglass still suffered because slave children were only given a long linen shirt, therefore in the winter he would be really cold. When Douglass was eight years old he was selected to go to Baltimore to live with Hugh Auld. Douglass was not sad to leave the plantation because he had no family or any sense of home that children usually had. He believes that if he had not been removed that he would still be a slave today. Douglass was amazed how kind his new was; unlike other white women she did not punish him for looking her in the eye. But, after some time, her kindness turned to cruelty, and she completely changed as a person. When Douglass first moved in with the Aulds, Mrs. Auld began teaching him the alphabet and some small words. When her husband found out he ordered her to sop because education ruins slaves, making them unmanageable and unhappy. Douglass overhears this and comes up with the strategy of what white men use to enslave blacks. From that he now understands what he has to do to win his freedom. Douglass lived in the Aulds household for seven years, he was able to learn how to read and write. Mrs. Auld became hardened and cruel and no longer tutored him. But, Douglass already learned the alphabet and was strong-minded to learn how to read. Auld rents Douglass for one year to Edward Covey, who was known for breaking slaves. For the first six months Covey worked and whipped everything out of Douglass to the point where he no longer cared about reading or freedom. This all changed when Douglass and Covey had a clash and after the fight Covey never touched Douglass yet again. Douglass was then rented to William Freeland, even though Freeland was milder and a fairer man, he was still going to escape. Frederick went on to become a famous orator, U. S. minister to Haiti, and a leader of his people. Douglass, like the other slaves is not born with this mental toughness, but acquires it mainly through his faith in God, hard work, and learning to read and write. Douglass faith in God is crucial because Douglass can turn to God at any point in his life. When Douglass is at his lowest, his faith in God is always there to lift him up. O God, save me! God, deliver me! Let me be free! (72). Their are times where Douglass questions God because of brutal conditions with Mr. Covey, but Douglass still stays strong mentally and spiritually, and that is key to taking his freedom. Douglass has a strong mind of his own, and does not let anyone or anything change what he believes is right. Conditions for slaves are pretty much severe everywhere they go. Slaves work long hard hours, for pretty much nothing, and to go along with that are poorly nourished. Douglass is lucky enough to be sent to Baltimore to live with the Aulds because conditions are a slightly easier there, but most importantly because that is where he learns to read and write. Luckily for Douglass, Mrs. Auld teaches him the alphabet and small words before her heart turns to stone. Very soon after I went to live with Mr. and Mrs. Auld, she very kindly commenced to teach me the A, B, C. After I had learned this, she assisted me in learning to spell words of three or four letters. (45). Although reading lessons with Mrs. Auld eventually stop, this does not stop Douglass in trying to acquire as much knowledge as possible. This makes Douglass even hungrier for knowledge because he knows that being literate is key to being free. The poor white children of the neighborhood eventually teach Douglass how to read in return for some food. As many of these as I could, I converted into teachers. With their kindly aid, obtained at different times and in different places, I finally succeeded in learning to read. (49). This is crucial for Douglass to gain his freedom, and help him believe in himself. Although brutal times are shortly ahead for Douglass at Mr. Coveys, the slave tamer, this knowledge and insight is definitely one of the major factors that helps him get through it. Before going to Mr. Coveys, Douglass been through a lot of mental and physical pain, but he does not know the worst is yet to come. Because of his disobedience and excessive curiosity in Baltimore, Douglass master sends him to Mr. Coveys, who is one of the cruelest slave tamers around. Douglass states that the first six months with Mr. Covey are unbearable. Douglass first task is to guide the oxen, and when he fails he barely leaves with his life. Covey whips him repeatedly, and continues to do so for weeks. Coveys extreme work and brutal punishments drain Douglass mentally and physically; he feels his hope for freedom is slipping away. This is where Douglass faith in God is crucial because he literally has no one else to turn to except God. It seems as if Douglass is about to let Mr. Covey win, and believe that all he is put on this earth to do is slave for others. But one day as Mr. Covey tries tying Douglass up for another brutal beating; Douglass defends himself and finds the courage within him to stand up to Mr. Covey by fighting back. Douglass injures Mr. Covey to the point where he is bleeding. Because of his courage to stand up for himself, Covey never lays a finger on Douglass again. This part of the autobiography is indeed a turning point because it restores Douglass confidence that he always had inside of him, and makes him believe that he will one day be a free man. This battle with Mr. Covey was the turning- point in my career as a slave. It rekindled the few expiring embers of freedom, and revived within me a sense of my own manhood. (78). This is indeed the turning point in his life because he stands up for what he believes in and actually wins. After this point Douglass is extremely confident in himself, and due to the knowledge he gains and his mental strength he is able to get through possibly his hardest obstacle in his life. I did not hesitate to let it be known of me, that the white man who expected to succeed in whipping, must also succeed in killing me. (78). This is such a powerful line in that it shows Douglass relentlessness to never give up, and it shows that he is once again strong, not necessarily physically, but more importantly mentally. This turning point helps Douglass stay on track, and eventually helps him escape to New York City. After New York Douglass goes to Massachusetts were he meets abolitionist Garrison, and is eventually employed as an abolitionist. All in all, Frederick Douglass achieves his goals due to hard work and his passion to learn. After all, the struggle throughout his life, Douglass dream finally comes true, and it could not have happened to a more deserving man. One more Douglass master was Mr. Gore who was a key example of the many white people who let their power go to their heads. Frederick Douglass lived a hard life as a slave as pretty much all slaves did. He is pushed to the limit mentally and physically, and although there are times Douglass almost breaks down, he never lets that happen to him. By learning how to read and write he realizes that knowledge is power, just like it is today. Ignorance is ugly, and he does not want that to happen to him. Douglass knowledge helps open doors for him that he would never have opened if he was not educated. Frederick Douglass is an amazing man, and shows that if you are strong mentally you can accomplish anything you put your mind too. Douglass accounts in his thrilling and morbid firsthand account of slavery in the south. Douglass lets the reader look at slavery in a style that reflects the desperation of slave life. Points covered range from the exploitation of slave women by their white masters to the violent treatment, and in some cases murder of slaves, to the back-breaking labor and lack of personal time. The biography includes chilling accounts of his mother. She walked twelve miles every night to see him, in infancy, and when she died, Douglass was not even allowed to witness her burial. This was common practice in those times, but to the modern reader, this is quite appalling. Douglass life was only made more complicated by the accusation that his master, Captain Anthony, was also his father. The treatment of these mixed children was often worse than that of regular slave children due to the fact that the mistress of the house felt animosity towards them. As a result, Frederick had to face the wrath of Captain Anthonys wife. What made Douglass experiences truly unique was the fact that he learned how to read and write. Most slaves were killed if they were caught doing so but in Douglass case, he was very lucky. When he was sent to Baltimore, Sophia Auld, his new mistress, taught him how to read a few simple words. From that point, he taught himself new words everyday through The Columbian Orator, a collection of speeches and essays dealing with liberty, democracy, and courage. Douglass saw this as his ticket to freedom. Douglass sheds some light on several areas such as the reason behind the slave songs and what it feels like to watch a family member be beaten and abused. His narrative does a very thorough job of conveying the slave experience to an audience that has no idea. The image conjured of slave owners and all of southern society in the 18th and 19th century is a negative one. This caricature holds shockingly true in Douglass narrative. However, there is a lot more complexity to Southern society show in Douglass well-crafted words. There are different kinds of slave owners in different parts of the south. People like Captain Anthony and Thomas Auld, who reside in the deep south, are cruel to the slaves they own, as they are property. Like the cotton gin, they are there to turn a profit. As long as they can work and do work, nothing else really matters. In Baltimore, a different type of slave owner is known. Sophia and Hugh Auld live next to neighbors that do not own slaves and are therefore, conscious of how they treat their slaves in public. Sophia had not even owned slaves before Douglass, so in the beginning, she was very kind and treated Douglass as you would treat any child. The abolitionist movement is a larger concern in Baltimore, because it is in the very streets. In the deeper south, though they are concerned about slaves escaping and abolitionists, the threat is not as axiomatic. Douglass also exposes the false piety of slave owners. Though many of them are bible thumping, none of them truly understands the lessons they are preached. Douglass analyzes the moral woes of slavery and the unnatural state that all involved are subjected to. Douglass words give the reader a depiction of southern life and morality in an intricate and intriguing way, which is fair and abrasively honest. In modern times, people think of slavery and think that it was north against south. In reality, many Northerners were indifferent to the plight of slaves. When Fredrick Douglass first escapes to the north, he finds that there are many people who support slavery and many that oppose it, but most of them are indifferent. This is because most northerners have no idea what is going on in the south. Therefore, they are ignorantly blissful with their lives. Douglass addressed this issue in letter to an abolitionist associate. Douglass moved to New Bedford in the year 1838 and found work as a caulker for whaling ships. In New Bedford, he decided to drop the name Bailey, in order to defend himself from slave catchers, and became famous as Frederick Douglass. Between the time of 1790 and 1860, the institution of slavery declined in Baltimore but the boundaries of African-American freedom narrowed significantly. When free black people posed little threat to white people, as in the 1790s, whites imposed relatively few limitations on them. But as the free black population grew so did racial competition for jobs and social power. White privilege responded to the dynamism of free blacks by circumscribing their liberty. Douglass lived in Baltimore when free African Americans made considerable economic gains and expanded an already powerful network of black institutions. By the time of the Civil War whites rolled back many of the gains of the 1830s and pushed free blacks to the edge of slavery. Douglass first witnessed white racism towards free black people during this tightening of Baltimores restrictions on non-slave African Americans that coincided with slaverys end. Work cited Browne, Gary Lawson. Baltimore in the Nation, 1789-1861. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980. Douglass, Frederick. Letter to an abolitionist associate. In Organizing for Social Change: A Mandate for Activity in the 1990s. Edited by K. Bobo, J. Kendall, and S. Max. Washington, D. C. : Seven Locks Press. [1849] (1991) Douglass, Frederick. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. 1892. New York: Collier, 1962. Douglass, Frederick. My Bondage and My Freedom. 1855. New York: Dover, 1969. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. 1845. New York: Penguin, 1968. Fields, Barbara Jeanne. Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985. Frey, Sylvia. Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. Gardner, Bettye. Ante-bellum Black Education in Baltimore. Maryland Historical Magazine 71 (Fall 1976): 360-366. Gardner, Bettye. Free Blacks in Baltimore, 1800-1860. Diss. George Washington University, 1974. Garonzik, Joseph. Urbanization and the Black Population of Baltimore, 1850-1870. Diss. State University of New York, Stony Brook, 1974. Graham, Leroy. Baltimore: The Nineteenth-Century Black Capital. New York: University Press of America, 1982. Maryland. House of Delegates. An Act Relating to Paupers, Beggars, Vagrants, Vagabonds and Disorderly Persons in the City of Baltimore. The Laws of Maryland ch. 116. March 10, 1854. Muller, Edward K. and Paul A. Groves. The Emergence of Industrial Districts in Mid-Nineteenth Century Baltimore. Geographical Review 69 (1979): 159-177. Steffen, Charles G. The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution, 1763-1812. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984. Wesley, Charles H. Richard Allen: Apostle of Freedom. 1935. Washington: Associated Publishers, 1969.